At grade meaning in construction. 2) Ask your contractor to protect topsoil for future use.

July 13, 2020. Feb 12, 2021 · Fortunately, the definition of Grade Plane specifically addresses this: Where the finished ground level slopes away from the exterior walls, the reference plane shall be established by the lowest points within the area between the building and the lot line or, where the lot line is more than 6 feet from the building, between the building and a point 6 feet from the building. k. This is because of their high-performing benefits, including long-term durability, low maintenance, and fast-track site erection. For every ton of concrete produced, one ton of greenhouse gases is released into the atmosphere. So the slab is poured on a prepared ground lot and there is no space between the ground and the slab. Paved concrete costs an average of $7 dollars per square foot. Excavated topsoil should be placed in a designated A rigid pavement structure is typically composed of a PCC surface course built on top of either (1) the subgrade or (2) an underlying base course. It is a special case of the slope, where zero indicates horizontality. Site Preparation. Chapter 9 of the AASHTO Green Book provides an in-depth discussion of at-grade intersection design and criteria. Lumber of this grade contains few defects, but knots are allowed of any quality as long as they are well spaced and do not exceed the size regulations. A grade beam is a type of foundation element that is typically constructed of reinforced concrete. The addition of the Sandbox Team positions LJA as a leading provider of land development services in the May 30, 2024 · The construction of a slab-on-grade foundation follows the basics overall, but with some key differences. Figure 1. Dec 13, 2023 · Grading in construction, typically called site grading, refers to the act of ensuring a level base or getting a specific slope on the land. Figures 202-20 and 202-21 illustrat. I’ve highlighted a few of the main things that the grader must be EXCAVATION & GRADING HANDBOOK. Top of foundation 18 inches above grade. Construction Grade Lumber. Aug 1, 2014 · Water-resistive barriers are defined in Section 1404. Jan 2, 2024 · Houston, TX – LJA Engineering, Inc. The term PCC is commonly used in civil engineering and construction which refers to Plain Cement Concrete. Grading is a specialized phase of the construction process. These conditions include the public A slab-on-grade foundation - is a structural engineering system where the foundation for a building (concrete slab) is created from a mold set into the ground. The scope of the fine grading work will be to either cut or fill the material to match as close as Jul 4, 2023 · The first number represents the number of 100ths of feet you are from the first station marker. A. In order for the finish grader to know exactly what elevations to grade the finish surface of the lots to, they will need to have the PRECISE GRADING PLANS for the project. Plain cement concrete (PCC) is a fundamental component of building construction, serving to prevent direct contact between reinforcement concrete and soil or water. Scope. This is an essential part of site preparation, which needs to be done before construction begins. When grading the land, the construction team sculpts the surface to get the desired result. The grade (US) or gradient (UK) (also called stepth, slope, incline, mainfall, pitch or rise) of a physical feature, landform or constructed line refers to the tangent of the angle of that surface to the horizontal. 5 metres below the elevation of the underside of an interior ceiling and the maximum slope taken from the closest property line is not more OPC 53 grade cement is a type of cement preferred for its high compressive strength. 50% occur within 5 miles of home. Landscape grading helps prepare a site for a landscaping project by removing topsoil, smoothing areas for planting and making the area more aesthetically appealing. They may be awarded construction projects one level above their grading level, but only under certain conditions. These are the steps taken to build a slab-on-grade foundation: 1. Mar 30, 2015 · On a construction site, the default meaning of grade is "existing ground level", unless otherwise specified. In site work, this term is universally used to establish the elevation and the line ( route ) of piping systems May 13, 2019 · CONSTRUCTION PLANS. In many cases, the elevation of the finish floor is a benchmark elevation, with other dimensions noted as AFF or above this finish floor height. However, PE contractors are an exception to this rule. With slab-on-grade, the ground is leveled and compacted to about Definition of Line and Grade in Construction. The term is usually used to describe a room or square footage. Concrete is then poured into the mold, leaving the concrete slabs lying directly on the ground over a prepared surface. Therefore, the viscosity determines the fluid properties of the bitumen material. The plinth is provided to act as a barrier against rainwater and stormwater to support a dead load of masonry above it. The rough grade is the top grade of the embankment as built using the information provided on the grade sheets. " For example, in most cases, when you walk into a home through the front door, that ground level floor is known as " on grade . How to Read Offset Stakes. Use excavated dirt to create an illusion of a low slope. 4 #2) Group M fire areas located more than three stories above grade plane. Landscape Grading. For example, three bedrooms above grade means the home has three bedrooms that are not in a basement. Mar 18, 2013 · A WRB can be one of a variety of materials sold under dozens of trade names. Steps for Construction of an Angle Bisector. The foundation wall system may include an earth retention system of soldier piles and wood lagging or shotcreted rock requiring Dec 7, 2023 · Grading, in the context of construction, refers to the process of shaping and leveling the land to achieve the desired slope and elevation. (of a river profile or land surface) at an equilibrium level and. It may also be a requirement to proceed with other activities, such as construction or irrigation. The upper portion, which is typically flexibility of LRT technology. Materials used may be concrete or reinforced masonry. This includes, but is not limited to, between-floor spandrels Mar 28, 2024 · Real Estate Agent Explains Below Grade. The grade falls 10 feet over a horizontal distance of 20 feet, thus creating a 2:1 slope. Feb 14, 2021 · See full disclosure on legal page. SFL refers to the level at the top surface of the floor screeding or concrete topping. J104. Abbreviation used on construction plans and contract documents to indicate an elevation above the finished floor. The main objective of intersection design is to facilitate the convenience, ease, and comfort of people traversing the intersection while enhancing the efficient movement of passenger cars, buses, trucks, bicycles and pedestrians. There are two types of building paper, asphalt felt and Grade D building paper; plastic housewraps such as Tyvek and Typar; rigid foam insulation; liquid-applied sealers; Zip System sheathing; and a unique product called Delta-Dry. 2 as “a minimum of one layer of No. Monolithic Slab on Grade. In all the above cases, Site Clearance Clearing Grubbing Operation Feb 12, 2018 · Normal concrete grades are usually used in the leveling of footing, kerb and blinding mix, domestic floors, and foundations that carry light loads like single-story residential. )," is commonly used in construction drawings, architectural plans, and woodworking designs. For example, a station stake of "STA 100 + 50" would mean the stake is 10,050 feet into the job. Portland cement is used to mix with Sand, aggregate, and water with approved ingredients to form concrete. the definitions of “Story,” “Basement,” and “Story above grade plane. 2. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Before a foundation of any kind can be built, some soil-related tasks need to be completed. A motorist is 20 times more likely to die in a crash involving a train than a collision involving another motor vehicle. Disadvantages of Grade On Slab. Definition of AFF / Above Finish Floor in Construction. Oct 25, 2019 · The term "on-center ," often abbreviated "OC" (or "o. When John slipped he did not fall to ground level as he caught himself with his right hand. The approaches are referred to as intersection legs. ‘Furniture’ and ‘Fixtures’ refer the physical loose items of your project to include tables, chairs, desks, etc. Without changing the radius of the compass Foundation Soil Grade Checklist. Commercial building elevations are noted throughout the project with both the building and site work. Mild Steel Bar. Aug 9, 2023 · Grading in construction, also known as land grading, is the work of levelling and sloping the construction site to ensure proper drainage, achieve desired contours, and establish a solid foundation for a building project. Supported Slab on Grade / Grade Slab: Supported grade slab or slab on grade foundation is chosen when the traditional footings are already framed on site to raise the columns. . A lintel is provided to carry the load of masonry above the opening. Dec 14, 2023 · The construction of the grade beam is done on the prepared base surface. While your typical grade slab foundation is 4 to 6 inches thick, the concrete slab for post-tensioned foundations is generally 8 inches thick and utilizes 3000 PSI concrete. S. The purpose of the Railroad/Highway At-Grade Crossing Program is to reduce the number and severity of highway accidents by eliminating hazards to vehicles and pedestrians at existing railroad crossings. Additionally, whether asphalt or concrete, the average cost of parking lot construction is typically between $1,500 and $3,000 per stall. " Leaving the basement level to be commonly referred Types of Steel Reinforcement Bars. This article delves into the intricacies of laying PCC, offering insights into the materials used, the procedure, dos and don'ts, and the advantages it brings to construction projects. Grade separation is adopted at junctions where two or more surface transport axes cross with each other. , has expanded its presence in Arizona with the addition of an 11-person team of land development and construction management professionals from Sandbox Development Consultants, Inc. Typically paved in asphalt, you can expect the average cost of an at-grade parking lot to cost around $4 dollars per square foot. Oct 23, 2023 · Final Grade. “More often than not, the term is used in production building, such as a large subdivision, where the builder is selling their product at a What is CRS. In the construction industry, “grade” is another word for ground. Once a pavement base material is rough placed, the next step is to fine grade the top inch or two to set the stage for the finish pavement grades to be brought to correct elevations. The program is authorized by Title 23, United States Code, Section 130 (23 U. Many builder grade products offer excellent performance and durability but have more simplified features than higher grade models. Subgrade is the backbone of any construction project, providing a stable base for the layers above and ensuring the durability and safety of the structure. It plays a vital role in helping an organization make the leap from plans and blueprints to actual construction work. A larger number indicates higher or steeper degree of "tilt". a military or naval rank. It is generally used for flooring, roads, and retaining walls but not for columns, slabs, and beams, etc because it can’t carry load Mar 6, 2024 · Conclusion. Dec 29, 2020 · Grading in construction is an engineering process that adjusts the slope and soil elevation around a construction site before building. Grade separation can be provide for all likely angles of any two intersecting roads. Dec 4, 2019 · Active Grade Crossings have active warning and control devices such as bells, flashing lights, and gates, in addition to passive warning devices such as crossbucks (the familiar x-shaped signs that mean yield to the train), yield or stop signs and pavement markings. 6 inches of exposed foundation minimum. In summary, while rough grading focuses on establishing the basic contours and drainage of the site, finish grading is the final step in creating a smooth, level surface that is ready for landscaping and construction of Bitumen VG grade meaning. Preparation of subgrade consists of all operations before the pavement structure is placed over it and compacted. Term used in surveying for the layout of a project. The penetration grading system is 100 years old bitumen grading method. Construction speed is high. Concrete is a basic material used for all types of construction, including housing, roads, bridge, dams, schools, hospitals, dams and ports, as well as for decorative applications for patios, ramp, floors, staircases, driveways, and pool decks. Typically, landscape graders also install or create an irrigation system. A payment certificate. Not super sure why they didn’t just call it a “slab-on-ground” foundation but that might just be a mystery for the ages. Typically, the building's finish floor elevation (height of the floor) is established from the civil drawings by the surveyor. The ground surface should be levelled and prepared with plain cement concrete to rest grade beam. ‘Equipment’ an include phones May 31, 2017 · A huge bonus of building a freestanding grade-level deck is that a building permit isn’t required as long as the deck’s area is 200 square feet or less (see 2015 IRC, R105. Softest Bitumen Grade 200-300. The most likely interpretation is: John was walking at ground level and slipped on a patch of ice. The Contractors Registration System (CRS) currently registers contractors providing construction and construction-related services for the public sector. Apr 15, 2021 · What does “on-grade” mean? Good question. From 1 June 2025, the CRS will be expanded to serve as a nation-wide registry of all construction firms that are hiring construction S Pass and/or Work Permit holders. This is where all the building element finish levels are referenced from. Classes include professionally produced videos taught by practicing craftspeople, and supplementary downloads like quizzes, blueprints, and other materials to help you master the skills. For the construction of low volume roads and to perform spraying, penetration value from 80 to 100 was used. Most WRBs are vapor-permeable. Click for English pronunciations, examples sentences, video. The surface of the mild steel bars are plain and round in shape. We call it a grade beam because it’s a beam, a horizontal structural member, which sits at grade, the elevation of the ground. Basic documentation required are: Copy of the project award from the client who awarded the project to the contractor. The overall aesthetic quality of appearance timber is the primary criterion, whereas the structural integrity of stress-graded or non-stress-graded lumber is the primary criterion. Ideally the rough aggregate base will be brought to +/- 1″. Below grade areas are usually referred to as basements, but the definition is more specific than that. You could have a basement floor that is only one foot under the ground and it would Feb 23, 2022 · The post-tensioned foundation system relies on extreme stress and utilizes steel cables (in lieu of rebar or steel mesh) pulled taut after the concrete slab has cured. ) Clear Width Jun 19, 2023 · Grading in construction refers to leveling or sloping the ground surface to create a stable, even base for building projects. While passive Grade Crossings have only passive warning devices. It’s to be 10 feet lower than the RS point and 20 feet from it. Using a compass, place the pointer at point Y and draw an arc that intersects the two arms of the angle, XY and YZ, at two different points. a degree of severity in illness. The term “53 Grade” signifies that the cement attains a minimum compressive strength of 53 megapascals (MPa) after 28 days of curing period. 2, Work exempt from permit, #10: Decks not exceeding 200 square feet in area, that are not more than 30 inches above grade at any point, are not attached to a dwelling Jul 10, 2023 · ICF construction costs about 40% less than conventional (basement) construction. Standard concrete grades are generally used in commercial and domestic constructions. In Grade on slab foundation excavation cost, labor cost and forms are at a minimum. Viscosity is defined as the inverse of fluidity. 2 lumber is the most common grade for framing. It's the culmination of all the grading work, soil compacting, and preparing the site for the actual building or development phase. CLICK HERE to Get Tim's FREE & FUNNY Newsletter! Your home may be one that was buried too deep into the ground. May 24, 2016 · Construction staking is the process of taking planned improvements and buildings, and then actually mapping them out on the site where the building will take place. . It involves the removal of excess soil, rocks, and other debris, as well as the addition of fill material to create a smooth and even surface. 2) Ask your contractor to protect topsoil for future use. Rigid Pavement Load Distribution. It involves reshaping land to meet the needs of a project. Mar 6, 2020 · Subgrade Design and Construction. Understanding the importance of subgrade and the factors influencing its preparation is crucial for builders, engineers, and contractors in the construction industry. Successful grading projects require input from engineers. The cidb may request additional supporting documentation where necessary. The grade line of the road may be raised due to some reasons, which are as follows: keeping subgrade above Ground Water Table (GWT) grade: [noun] a position in a scale of ranks or qualities. Plain cement concrete (PCC) is mainly used for the foundations of the structures. It entails adding or removing earthen materials to create an even surface and ensure a solid foundation. " Every floor located above this ground level on grade is considered to be " above grade . The quality of the subgrade will greatly influence the pavement design and the actual Jan 14, 2019 · This difference in grade may be due to the internal construction of the product or material and may contribute to its longevity but may not impact the appearance of the product. Next, place the compass pointer where the arc intersects line XY and draw another arc in the interior of the angle. C. Structural steel is generally a carbon steel, meaning it has a chemical composition containing both iron and carbon. Aug 14, 2023 · When considering pcc meaning construction, the various applications of Plain cement concrete are as follows. May 14, 2024 · Here are six types of construction grading strategies that may occur on a site. This stage ensures that the land is precisely contoured to meet project requirements. Mar 25, 2023 · The finish grade creates a smooth, level surface for the installation of sidewalks, driveways, and other hardscape features. The grade is normally within 2 in. It doesn’t matter how much of the space is above ground, though. This is a basic requirement when applying for any grade between 2 and 9. perimeter beam foundation) is a concrete foundation with rectangular cross section running around the perimeter of the house under the exterior walls. The next information on this stake shows the elevation and location of the ditch cut (C-100 / 200). The subgrade may be situated on an embankment, by excavation, or at the existing ground surface. a. Knots must be sound, firm, encased, and tight. Sprinkler systems are required in F-1 fire areas more than three stories above grade plane. Disadvantages of Grade Separation. They are available in various sizes of 6 mm to 50 mm. Construction grade lumber is used for light framing. Photos of each appear below. M20 Grade of Concrete means. So below are a few small excerpt examples from an actual Precise Grading plan. on the same level b. In addition to the provisions of Section 107, a grading plan shall show the existing grade and finished grade in contour intervals of sufficient clarity to indicate the nature and extent of the work and show in detail that it complies with the requirements of this code. The slab on grade can be installed on the virgin ground, a layer of stone or porous material, etc. By definition, it is regulated as a basement. Definition of Slab on Grade in Construction. The Disadvantages of Grade on the slab are listed below; Grade on a slab foundation in a high chance to settle down the foundation. Grade beams are used to support walls Nov 24, 2023 · Builder-grade is a term used to define the quality and price of building materials used in a new home. For example, when framing a residential stud wall, a building May 16, 2022 · Construction lumber, which can be further classified into appearance, non-stress-graded, and stress-graded lumber, is the most common use case for softwood timber. (903. If the LRT line is all grade-separated, then it becomes a typical rapid transit heavy rail system and the cost may be prohibitive. It will be overlain by the other pavement layers, which may include a capping layer, if the ground is structurally weak, likely to be subjected to exceptional loads or is significantly below an ideal formation level specified by the project engineer. An isolated footing is used to support a single post. 239 Highway-Rail deaths in 2014 (not including December figures) – up from 231 in 2013. The common intersection is at-grade intersection where two or more highways join. Aug 2, 2021 · In the construction industry, podium construction is typically defined as a construction method that divides a building into lower and upper portions. The grade on the slab foundation does not have a termite attack problem. This process is a crucial step in the construction industry as it directly impacts the The foundation of the pavement structure is known as subgrade. The formation level of the sub-grade is the base of the construction. “Builder-grade is typically another term for base grade,” says Matt Brady of Northwest Home Team. That is, the floor itself is below ground level. The finish floor is then considered FF 0-0. The lower portion, the “podium”, is typically a single story or two and is built of a robust structural system, such as steel or reinforced concrete. The subgrade is that portion of the pavement system that is the layer of natural soil upon which the pavement or subbase is built. In India, before 2006, the most widely used grade of bitumen was 60 to 70. Because of its relative rigidity, the pavement structure distributes loads over a wide area with only one, or at most two, structural layers (see Figure 1). Feb 19, 2022 · Types of At-Grade Footings Explained. Below Grade means any portion of a building where the finished grade meets the exterior wall at an elevation not more than 0. A grade beam (a. In general, there are three types of intersections: At-grade intersection. Here are some examples of the importance and advantages of knowing the grade of a particular area: Knowing the area's elevation grade helps in the construction of Jul 2, 2020 · MT Copeland offers video-based online classes that give you a foundation in construction fundamentals with real-world applications. In addition to making sure that construction work is performed Below Grade means located in whole or in part below the surface of the ground. It is designed to distribute the load from a building’s superstructure to the underlying soil or to transfer the load to deeper foundation elements, such as piles or caissons. Sill is provided to give a uniform base for the window. Nov 12, 2018 · 2. Podium structures have been the go-to construction materials since the 1960s. ICF construction only needs reinforcing steel around its opening, while conventional construction methods require large headers and supporting posts with large openings. Grade separation is thus often an early and controversial issue in LRT route planning and is particularly critical because it directly affects the operational, May 7, 2018 · All this may need to be within the building lines of the property. Jul 24, 2023 · A CIDB gradings determine the maximum tender value of a construction project that can be awarded to a contractor by a public sector client. PCC is a mixture of cement, fine aggregate or coarse aggregate, and water without steel reinforcement. The different levels of the home are often referred to as " Grade Levels . The three letters and the ampersand let you know there are three separate items – furniture, fixtures and equipment. grade line: [noun] a longitudinal reference line or slope to which a highway or railway is built. Grade separation and interchange construction require a lot of money and Specifying a running slope of 7. Here’s a description and illustrations we’ve created for footing types we frequently reference in our work for sunrooms, pergolas, carports, screen rooms, signs, and similar at-grade building component structures. The foundation wall of a building may be a cast-in-place concrete retaining or basement wall or a structural wall complete with load-bearing pilasters. May 14, 2020 · At Ron Meyer & Associate Excavating, Inc, we’ve been providing underground and commercial construction to private and commercial businesses for 39 years. 130), and addresses the development of railroad/highway at considered a story above grade plane. They’ve been used to construct residential apartments, hostels, prisons, schools, and a range of other commercial buildings. General Information. They are used in concrete for special purposes, such as dowels at expansion joints, where bars must slide And height up to this from floor level is known as lintel level. c. Three out of four crashes occur within 25 miles of a person’s home. After the rough grading is completed, the fine grade stakes are set and the final processing of the subgrade may begin. The second number represents the division of 100-foot lengths or 50-foot lengths. Major types of steel bars used in the construction are as follows, 1. If the grade beam is used to connect between two piles then the Construction of the grade beam will begin after the Construction of pile foundation. Most foundations too deep in the ground. Bank statements. The final grade is all about achieving the desired land surface level in readiness for construction. Jan 15, 2020 · Correct me if Iam wrong, FFL refers to the level at the top surface of floor finish. A slab on grade does not have any voids below it and can be as thin as 4 inches. This Plan Reading Course is to present a step-by-step procedure on how to read, interpret, and relate to a standard set of roadway plans; to help identify and interpret symbols used in a standard set of plans; and to help develop the necessary skills to interpret a set of plans in non-technical terms to laypersons (property owners and others). a stage in a process. These are basically multi-purpose concrete grades. It is more expensive when using ICF above grade but not when adding large openings. 1. 15 asphalt felt, complying with ASTM D226, Standard Specification for Asphalt-saturated Organic Felt Used in Roofing and Waterproofing, for Type 1 felt or other approved materials…to provide a continuous water-resistive barrier behind the exterior wall Jan 19, 2022 · Fundamentally, it is defined as steel optimized for use in building construction—differentiated from a steel grade one might use to engineer tools, or stainless steel popularly used in kitchen surfaces and appliances. The finish 4 days ago · Knowing an area's elevation grade offers many advantages over not knowing it at all. PCC provides a leveled surface for the construction of the footings. Slab on grade foundations is a popular choice for construction Revise as follows: WALL, ABOVE-GRADE. 2. Most architects and engineers Mar 28, 2024 · What Does Above Grade Mean? In real estate, above grade means the portion of a home that is above the ground. ”Although the criteria for establishing the first story above grade plane in Item 2 indicates that such a condition occurs where the 12-foot (36. Grade separated without ramps, and. Embankment Meaning: The earthen material, which is laid and compacted to raise the grade line of a proposed highway or railway above the Existing Ground Level (EGL) of the original ground, is called an road embankment. When it becomes necessary to accommodate high volume of traffic through intersections Dec 3, 2019 · They have completely different meanings. The OPC 53 grade cement has reduced permeability that corroborates with minimising the moisture content, chemical Jul 28, 2021 · Notes for excavating a Slab on Grade foundation: 1) When beginning with a rubble trench for the load bearing part of a foundation (as per instructions from an engineer), pit run gravel can be a more affordable option than crushed stone. As the general contractor or subcontractor, our experienced foremen, equipment operators, pipe layers, truck drivers and well-maintained equipment fleet make us an undeniable choice for your excavating services. 120-150. Jul 28, 2021 · The process of building a basement requires 3 costly visits from a team of concrete trucks; once to pour a footing, again to pour walls, and a third time to pour a basement floor. 5% maximum for exterior ramps will accommodate most irregularities or variances due to construction methods or materials according to a study sponsored by the Board ("Dimensional Tolerances in Construction and for Surface Accessibility" by David Kent Ballast. Both the elevations and the line of the building walls, foundations, utilities, etc. 5% maximum and a cross slope of 1. Grading ensures proper drainage, prevents soil erosion, and provides a solid foundation for structures, roads, and landscapes. , based in Phoenix. A wall associated with the building thermal envelope that is more than 15 percent above grade and is on the exterior of the building or any wall that is associated with the building thermal envelope that is not on the exterior of the building. Subgrade soil provides support to the remainder of the pavement system. a class organized for the work of a particular year of a school course. This cidb Competence Standard for Contractors established the competencies of a contracting enterprise which need to reside with the owner and/or key nominated representatives of the contractor. Grade separation is a method developed to avoid the disruption of traffic flow at intersections. are determined and referenced by line and grade. While SSL refers to the level at the top surface of the structural slab. 2 Site plan requirements. Mar 12, 2024 · Definition and Purpose. Jun 20, 2022 · No. From the below fig, it is clear that the wall stands on a footing and The grade slab is resting on a layer of gravel and moisture barrier. The bitumen VG grades are an important consideration in the selection of bitumen for road construction and paving, as they directly affect the performance and durability of the pavement. at this point. Plain cement concrete is also used for making Tennis courts, Basketball courts etc. Speed-limits for grade-separated roads are generally higher hence, high speeds can be maintained at intersections which results in saving of travel time. Let’s start with FF&E. Interchanges. Mar 21, 2020 · Some of the most important requirements that grade plane affects are the sprinkler system requirements found in Chapter 9 of the IBC and Chapter 1 of the IRC. These competencies are measured against minimum acceptable standards necessary for running a contracting enterprise and for supervising building Pavement Layers. Grading can be used to level uneven ground, create or remove slopes, raise or lower ground levels, and more. The concrete slab that is directly supported by the grade, meaning the bottom of the structure which is normally earth. It indicates that the given dimension refers to the distance between the center of one framing member to the center of the next member. mc ng uc yz fo dt ek zj nj kt