Water reservoir design example pdf. com/qdsj1/gaya-civil-court-case-status-by-police-station.
DESIGN STEPS FOR UG RECTANGULAR WATER TANK Design steps are involving: 1. Ongoing Jan 2016. The inside dimension of the tank may be taken as 6m x 4m. a. overhead, on ground or underground water tanks. 20′ 20′ 20′. Storage tanks are a very important part of a water system because they ensure that adequate quantities of water are available to meet demand. The elevated concrete tank consists of a post-tensioned concrete vessel on a cast-in-place concrete pedestal. Design, construction and maintenance of potable reservoirs are of great importance. Under suitable circumstances, ground level storage tanks may be used to deliver water to users by gravity flow. Open the Reservoir Editor for reservoir R-1 by double-clicking on R-1. This manual provides information on the selection, design, construction, maintenance, inspection, and repair of steel tanks for potable water storage. The paper gives idea for safe design with minimum cost of the tank and gives the designer relationship curve between design variable. 17 lbm-ft/lbf-s² construction, installation, testing, commissioning and hand-over to Unitywater of a new water supply reservoir. Visible tanks These tanks are usually constructed in a visible way in terms of landscape architecture and symbolism, and also in accordance with the environment in order to organize urban, historical and tourism landscapes (1). Over head water tank and underground water reservoir is the most effective storing facilities used for domestic or even industrial purpose. With increases in population and agriculture, water demands sure setpoint or chilled water setpoint. View 1-2 Glass-coated bolted steel reservoirs and standpipes (capacity in thousand gallons), 7 1-3 Typical welded steel water-storage standpipe sizes, 10 1-4 Typical double-ellipsoidal steel elevated tank sizes, 15 1-5 Typical medium-capacity welded steel elevated tank sizes, 16 1-6 Typical large-capacity welded steel elevated tank sizes, 18 Design a circular water tank with flexible connection at base for a capacity of 4,00,000 liters. So the 40mm/6. 1 Introduction: Storage tanks are built for storing water, liquid petroleum, petroleum products and similar liquids. S 714013103037 SRIRAM. capable of stratification The present study reports the analysis and design of an elevated circular water tank using STAAD. Underground water tanks 2. 7, and the dead weight of the concrete is multiplied by a factor of 0. Install pressure-independent cooling coil control valves to preserve system. 4 x 40 x 32. 31HP or 9. Apr 24, 2020 · Design of underground rectangular water tank in limit state method. Enter the Elevation as 198. DEEP/PIER FOUNDATION. Uplift Check b. Assume the power rating for the 3 phase pump motor selected is 17. Sketch of an underground water tank arrangement (in general). 1-Retaining Wall Cross Section. The goal of a proposal is to provide a solution to an ongoing problem. The design involves load calculations manually and analyzing the whole structure by STAAD. Set Zone to Connection Zone. Pro V8i. , 2009 ). This See Full PDFDownload PDF. Get high quality, cost effective engineering solutions that meet your needs. g gc P = 62. 5 KW. The water pressure pushing upward is reduced by the weight of the slab. Section 8. Reinforced concrete water tanks are constructed for storing water. 𝑢𝑢 The design of membrane analysis is carried as follows, Consider, M30 concrete HYSD Fe 415 bars Intensity of wind pressure = 1200N/m2 Thickness = 100mm Bearing capacity = 180 KN/m2 Let diameter of ring beam = B2 = Do = 10 m Let the diameter of cylindrical portion D = 15 m R = 7. The effective capacity of the reservoir above the low water level (defined hereunder), or above the top of the pump casing (in case of flooded suction) if the same is Oct 1, 2021 · PDF | On Oct 1, 2021, A S Tushina and others published Design of water reservoirs monitoring system using the example of Novosibirsk | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Examples of half-buried water tanks are presented in Figure 2. 1 STORMWATER DRAINAGE DESIGN OVERVIEW Feb 1, 2011 · Tel: +9647701785250. Here are the key design components of a circular water tank: Tank Shape and Dimensions: The circular water tank is characterized by its circular shape, with a defined diameter and height. 8 metres per 100 metres of pipe, so this will be selected. The first step in designing a culvert is to determine the design flows to be used. Example 2: A cylindrical water tank 40 ft high and 20 ft in diameter is filled with water with a density of 61. Click New. Jul 7, 2015 · The design of the tank will involve the following . 1, which retains a 2m depth of soil having the groundwater table at -1. B 714013103004 PALANIAPPAN. pumps, gravity or reservoir. 0m level. The composite steel-concrete tank consists of a steel vessel on a Preface. R62m. d 15 mm addition cover for corrosive soil or water. Water tank parameters include the general design of the tank, choice of materials of. , 2001. The tank has a capacity of 180,000 gallons or 3600. This pump would require. II. Because they were properly operated and maintained, some of those tanks are still in service today. Volume of tank V=550 m3 Assume H= 4. ter a. (1) The dome at top usually 100 mm to 150 mm thick with reinforcement along the meridians and latitudes. The book is aimed at technical-professional practitioners in the energy industry and is also suitable for a range of Master’s level courses in reservoir characterisation, modelling and engineering. No. The walls of these tanks are subjected to pressure and the base is subjected Aug 16, 2019 · Using six flocculation tanks (with two parallel tanks) = 1,249. The tank is open at top. Click Close. One shell manhole at least 30 inches in diameter. Back flow prevention, are check valve mechanisms to allow single direction of water flow. Design and construction recommendations are presented for the types of elevated concrete and composite steel-concrete water storage tanks shown in Fig. low power) because the tap is close to water level in tank. spWall is a program for the analysis and design of reinforced concrete shear walls, tilt-up walls, precast walls, retaining walls, tank walls and Insulated Concrete Form (ICF) walls. The examples are given in metric units. Consider a 1′ wide strip of slab with an ultimate load wu from the water pressure below the slab. 3837 E-mail: western@wmwd. 57 2. The tanks can be made in different shapes usually circular and rectangular shapes are mostly The code of practice uses the term “liquid” The code of practice defines “tank” as a “containment structure used to store liquids” The design rules for tanks apply only to tanks storing liquids at normal atmospheric pressure 10 EN 1992-3 Liquid retaining and containment structures Additional rules for structures constructed from Johannesburg water +27 11 688 1400. Water tanks are classified into two types based on position and shape of the tank. To know about the design philosophy for the safe and economical design of water tank. Consider the cantilever retaining wall with the cross-section shown in the above Figure A. Therefore water needs to be stored for daily use. Thus 300 mm of ‘dead water’ or permanent pool are needed to prevent the drying and cracking of a clay base or to hold down a liner ( Weatherhead et al. 1 provides an example of detailed hydrology calculations at the residential site. construction, as well as the following. Three proactive categories seek to improve the sediment balance across Download scientific diagram | Example of tank foundation with concrete ring wall from publication: Geotechnical Aspects of Storage Tank Foundation Types | Storage tanks are available in many Volume 2 (Technical Handbook) Georgia Stormwater Management Manual 5-1 CHAPTER 5 STORMWATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM DESIGN Table of Contents SECTION 5. 2a and 1. III. 25 m 8 Grade of concrete M25 3. • Gives advice on reservoir model design for the Dec 21, 2020 · W ater. Each a minimum of 24 inches in diameter or 18” x 22” elliptical. . 30-ft piers in bedrock. 𝑢𝑢 Reservoirs significantly alter the hydrology of the river downstream from the dam, and can affect its water quality and its ecosystem. At Residual mass curve method, draft 60 and 80% were used to estimate reservoir capacity with Nov 17, 2021 · A generic model of a water reservoir system relies on a mass-balance equation describing the dynamics of the water stored in the reservoir: (1) where s t is the reservoir storage at time t , q t +1 and r t +1 are the net inflow (i. PRIMARY DATA OF UNDERGROUND RECTANGULAR WATER TANK The dam and reservoir structures were constructed for irrigation and domestic water supply purposes serving the Spanish Friar’s owned and controlled lands. Click the menu to Edit Zones which will open the Zones Manager. 5 A=550/4. e. Earthquake. 17 = 2476 lbf/ft² = 17. 1 Capacity of water tank 200m3 2 Shape of water tank Rectangular 3 Unit weight of soil 34. 2 / 4 = 52. 5m. Examples of visible water tanks are shown in Figure in the tank. com Jun 24, 2023 · won’t be able to produce any water under these conditions. The flow from the basin contributing to the culvert can be calculated using the methods described in Chapter 2. d. Draw to a suitable scale: Plan at base Cross section through centre of tank. Based on the location the water tanks are classified into three way s: 1. The recommended Tank dimension (Length X Width X Height of 18m X 18m X 2m) for A reservoir is essentially a lake with a dam in its outlet where the flow can be controlled. 1. Wind and Earthquake design considerations allow a design of water tank parameters to survive seismic and high wind events. Design the side Walls of the tank using M20 grade concrete and Fe250 grade I mild steel. The tanks resting on ground like clear water reservoirs, settling tanks, aeration tanks etc. Specific gravity of water is 62. SCOPE. Requirements for water tank Mar 29, 2014 · GENERAL. 81. 1 Flow. of the river with a watercourse that is very different, a larger, more quiescent water body with different water quality and. SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION: The volume of tanks is varied from 100 m 3 to 1000 m 3 . are supported on the ground directly. The height of tank including a free board of 200 mm should not exceed 3. At present, the observations of reservoirs are fragmentary and not regular. Enter a label for the new pressure zone called Connection Zone. Design of Critical Sections. 9. NOTE. Check of Stresses on Soil 2. The posts are 16 inches square; the cost of the work is $11,400, and amounts to only about 75 per cent, of the lowest estimate on a steel tank and tower of equal dimensions. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Wall and dome roof PT design. The purpose of a reservoir is to store water during periods of high flow, for example, a rainy season or a snow-melting period, and for use during periods of 1. 3: Clear Water Reservoir Wastewater Rectangular Concrete Tank Wall Analysis and Design – spWall Software. AWWA D100: a minimum of 2 round or elliptical shell manholes within first ring. Water tanks are a vital part of the water distribution system. • Hinged Joint. Select chiller for 2 to 4°F lower supply chilled-water temperature than the cooling coils, to allow supply temperature reduction compensation for. THE CASE FOR MULTIPURPOSE RESERVOIRS The design of multipurpose reservoirs present complications when quantities of water released at any time mayor may not be made to serve more than one purpose (see, illustrative example in Figure 3. W. 1981. Type of Tank Capacity (m3) Description Page No. The water pressure is multiplied by a factor of 1. 5 m. com When choosing a reservoir designer, select someone who is experienced and trained in berm, dyke or dam design. h. rrosive soil or water additional cover of 12 mm isprovided. Dec 1, 2014 · design of water tanks. 2 psi (divided by 144 in² to psi) 32. RM 714013103029 REVANTH KUMAR. 9 lbm/ft³. Select the zone you just created from the The chapter is divided into five sections, each of which focuses on a particular element of stormwater management design. Strength a. and for c. Thus design of tank can be more economical, reliable and simple. 058E-06 =12. reservoirs Upper and lower Lower reservoir may be a river or even the sea Separated by a height, ℎ The hydraulic head Assume ℎ≫depth of the upper reservoir ℎremains constant throughout charge/discharge cycle Upper reservoir can store a volume of water, 𝑉𝑉. Normal freeboard should be sufficient to accommodate seismic deformations. Indeed, multipurpose reservoirs are generally called Jan 1, 2021 · Abstract. It uses a graphical interface that enables the user to easily generate complex 1. 4. When the tank is empty, the pumping head (not including friction loss) is 150 There are a number of methods used to estimate permanent vertical deformations of an embankment dam resulting from seismic loadings. ACI Committee 350, “Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures (ACI 350-01) and Commentary (350R-01),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich. Tanks of 30m3, 90m3, 140m3 and 170m3 capacities were used in order to draw reasonable inferences on tank‟s shape design effectiveness, relative reservoirs Upper and lower Lower reservoir may be a river or even the sea Separated by a height, ℎ The hydraulic head Assume ℎ≫depth of the upper reservoir ℎremains constant throughout charge/discharge cycle Upper reservoir can store a volume of water, 𝑉𝑉. barrels. • A guide to the analysis and design of liquid-retaining structure, including example calculations to s the requirements of SANS 10100-3 • A guide on tender specifications that extends the scope of SANS 2100 CC1 to be generally The book is aimed at technical-professional practitioners in the energy industry and is also suitable for a range of Master’s level courses in reservoir characterisation, modelling and engineering. 2. The design of reinforced concrete water tank is based on IS 3370: 2009 (Parts I – IV). wmwd. This paper is an application of optimization method to the structural design of. Pro analysis is Limit State Design and the water tank is subjected to wind load, dead load, self-weight 3-3. 4 x4. 2. Selecting a 40mm/6. 2 / 6 = 208. The manual will assist in tank sizing, configuration, site selection, design, operation, and maintenance. cover is 25 mm or dia of bar whichever is. For D 500 mm, e%tums each. Example: A pump system design includes a static head of 90 feet, and a flow of 540 gpm. Seismic loading conditions. 93 KN/m3 4 Angle of internal friction (φ) 37° 5 Bearing capacity of soil 230 KN/m2 6 Free board 0. The paper considers the design of a monitoring system for water reservoirs in Novosibirsk, which are the most vulnerable from the point of view of anthropogenic impact, since the self-cleaning processes are quite limited in comparison with larger water areas. * Note: All project experience profiled has been gained by the founders of Bara Consult prior to forming the company. Design of Underground Water Tank (Reservoir) Tank Dimensions Total area for the four floors = 4 Number of residents, N 7040 Daily water requirement 56 (16 14 14) 14 13) = 7040 ft2 8/1000 = 56 5 = 280 ft3 Required volume of UG water tank, V = 2 Solution: Step 1: Dimension of tank. This design example demonstrates the Mar 4, 2019 · The purpose of this article is for the reader to fully understand the principle behind it. Fig. 2: Raw Water Reservoir Clear Water Reservoir; Clear water reservoir is a water retaining structure which is used to store clear water from treatment plant Clear water reservoir should always be closed structures, design to prevent contamination through ingress of surface or ground water. How is the water to be delivered to the point of use, into and out of the water tank i. Deflection 5x larger at one end. 780. e. The rise is usually l/5th of the span. the density of water is taken as 9. Whether it is the resource’s scarcity or the toxicity that it contains. Water Supply: Water for the hydrant service shall be stored is an easily accessible surface or underground lined reservoir or above ground tanks of steel, concrete or masonry. Sketches Show the results when tank empty as well full. 47 12. Generally, culverts will be designed to meet criteria for two flows: the 25-year event and the 100-year event. Tank resting on grounds 3. 2 m 3 d = 4 m A = V / d = 208. 18 KW. S 714013103045 in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in CIVIL ENGINEERING SRI SHAKTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY COIMBATORE - 641062 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025 OCTOBER Fig . Since the late 1800s, thousands of steel plate water storage tanks have been constructed to store potable water in sys-tems throughout the world. Location of Apr 26, 2016 · Abstract. 1: Illustration of the gravity force Designing a Ground level Storage Tank. (2) Ring beam supporting the dome. View PDF. Wp=540 x 90 x 62. The total length of pipe is 12 metres (suction) plus 100 metres (discharge)= 112 metres. As per IS:3370-1965 Min. 4 lbs/f3. As an objective function WATER TANK 7. Both reinforced concrete (RC) and pre-stressed concrete (PSC) alternatives are considered in the design and are compared considering the total cost of the tank. 3. Horizontal seismic loads resisted by piers. DESIGN OF UNDERGROUND RECTANGULAR CONCRETE WATER TANK PROJECT REPORT Submitted by ANIRUDHA. To develop programs for the design of water tank of flexible base and 3. Nov 20, 2018 · Two network examples, one of a new network design and one of parallel network expansion, illustrate the potential of GANET as a tool for water distribution network planning and management. 789. • Gives advice on reservoir model design for the Step 1: Offer a Solution to a Water Problem. D. For example, if the water level in the clearwell is elevation 1050 and the water level in the storage tank ranges from elevation 1200 to 1230, the tank will never fill beyond elevation 1212 (1050 + 162). For calculation purposes the cover is also taken into concrete area. c. If hatch weighs more than 50 lbs, then a davit or hinges are required. Because of water tank is empty hence no water pressure from inside, only earthquake forces are acting from outer side only. • Fixed Joint-Rigid Joint. (Ph:9342188467, email: gss_nie@ yahoo. Abstract. “Earthquake Design Criteria for Water Supply & Wastewater Systems,” National Science Foundation Report NSF/ CE52-81079, Sept. The scientific and social discussion has been burgeoning recently, and all the more so as Nov 13, 2021 · WATER TANKS. Seismic deformation analysis of an embankment dam is discussed in chapter 13 of Design Standards No. Tank Shell Manholes. Founded in 1928, the Water Environment Federation (WEF) is a not-for-profit technical and educational organization with members from varied disciplines who work toward the WEF vision of preservation and enhancement of the global water environment. demand was calculated bas ed on the literature [3,10]. Construction of Elevated Water Tank with Main Water Network project, design of circular water tank resting on ground is presented. resist corrosionof reinforcement PART 2: Explanatory Examples for Seismic Design of Liquid Storage Tanks Ex. Apr 11, 2020 · An underground water tank is design to demonstrate the triangular load distribution of water on the tank walls by STAADPro May 27, 2013 · For example, Ramadan and Mustafa (2013) investigated the effect of inlet diameter and contraction coefficient on the minimum and maximum water height and the water flow rate into the surge tank See full list on pdhonline. , inflow and direct precipitation minus evaporation and seepage losses) and the actual release volume in the time Jul 16, 2020 · This book presents group of examples on the design of reinforced concrete tanks according to ACI318-14, ASCE/SEI 7-16, ACI350. Worked Example: Figure A. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN The Construction Project - Design and Build Scheme A. Design and cost estimation of overhead water tanks is a time consuming task, which requires a great deal of expertise. The design method used in STAAD. b. The tank rests on a firm level ground. RWS. 12mths. the bottom. Fig . These water tank are subjected to the same type of capacity and dimensions. 1 INTRODUCTION As per Greek philosopher Thales, “Water is the source of every creation. A water tank is a container for storing water. To make a study about the guidelines for the design of liquid retaining structure according to IS Code. In general there are three kinds of water tanks-tanks resting on ground, underground tanks and elevated tanks. Analysis and design of such tanks are independent of chemical nature of product. 3PN poly pipe the friction loss decreases to approximately 0. The design depends on the location of tanks, i. They are designed as crack free structures to eliminate any leakage. irside low ΔT or increased system load. com Website: www. Step- by -step design and calculations for the. Classification According to Joint Type between floor and wall: • Free Joint-Sliding Joint. Draw the following views, cross Jul 5, 2017 · The reservoir storage capacity is calculated for monthly flow at the interval from 1962 to 2013. 1). This system is part of the water supply network that carries p otable water from a Circular Tank Example H = 16 ft D = 90 ft t 6 ft grade groundwater table fluid density inside tank = 65 pcf f′c = 4,000 psi fy = 60,000 psi soil bearing capacity = 2,400 psf Walls above the groundwater table should be designed using a lateral earth pressure equivalent to Water tank design example. 9. Hence more base shear and base moment in empty tank condition. 3. The WEF network includes water quality professionals from 76 Member Associations in 30 countries. 1-2 Glass-coated bolted steel reservoirs and standpipes (capacity in thousand gallons), 7 1-3 Typical welded steel water-storage standpipe sizes, 10 1-4 Typical double-ellipsoidal steel elevated tank sizes, 15 1-5 Typical medium-capacity welded steel elevated tank sizes, 16 1-6 Typical large-capacity welded steel elevated tank sizes, 18 6. 8. com) 6. The answer should be specific and 3. • Provides practical advice and guidelines for users of 3D reservoir modelling packages. Download Free PDF. Elevated Water Tank Supported on 4 Column Staging 50 Staging consists of 4 RC columns; Staging height is 14 m with 4 brace levels; Container is circular in shape, Seismic zone II and soft soil strata. In design of water tanks, design aspects is to be followed as per code books and loads is to be applied carefully. Source: Tank Industry Consultants Inc. consideration the design of reservoir for the following cases: 1) Underground Tank, 2) Tank Resting on ground and 3) Overhead water tank. Technical Note No. 3-06, and ACI350-06. The strategies available to combat reservoir sedimentation may be classed into four broad categories. This study therefore examines the efficiency of Rectangular and Circular tanks. concrete rectangular and circular water tanks, considering the total cost of the Nov 16, 2023 · The operation of multi-functional reservoirs, together with their benefits and risks, is a complex issue. 05m 2 Then, to find the dimension of one square tank, we use the following: Area Jan 1, 2019 · Water or liquid petroleum retaining slab or walls. c ouldbe of reinforced concrete with sufficientcover to the reinforcement, adequate cover is necessary to. This Manual sets out the design standards and technical guidelines to be adopted for the structural design of reinforced concrete (RC) waterworks structures (such as pumping stations, service reservoirs, buildings and other structural facilities within water treatment works) for migration from British Standards BS 8110 and BS 8007 to Mar 19, 2020 · Sedimentation is steadily depleting reservoir capacity worldwide, threatening the reliability of water supplies, flood control, hydropower energy and other benefits that form the basis of today’s water-intensive society. Scope This Specification covers the Unitywater requirements on design and construction of ground level reinforced, prestressed or post-tensioned concrete water supply reservoirs. To make a study about the analysis and design of water tanks. 5000 Fax: 951. 2 presents a pond design example based on the hydrology calculated in Section 8. kN/m 3, angle of repose of soil is 30˚, saturated May 4, 2023 · 3. 22 m2 D= (4 x 122. 13 [27]. The ring beam is necessary to resist the horizontal component of the thrust of the dome. These dimensions determine the capacity of the tank and are based on the specific water storage requirements. clearances, for the CONSTRUCTION OF ELEVATED WATER TANK WITH MAIN WATER NETWORK in which a maximum of 3% shall be allocated for the Design and the balance for the Civil Works. - Tap 2: water runs out from the tap but with low pressure (i. A professional engineer should do the design if the depth of water in the reservoir above normal ground grade is: • more than 3 m. 1 Creating Model The Model is generated based on the dimensions of the tank. The reservoir can be either a natural lake or created by the construction of a dam in a river. The walls of the tank are 3 inches thick at the top and 5 inches at. 2b. 1. - Tap 3: water does not run out because part of the pipes is found in the top of water level in the tank. Due to population growth, expanding municipal areas and improvements in people life quality, a Design Requirements & Construction Standards for Water Storage Reservoirs Western Municipal Water District 450 Alessandro Boulevard, Riverside, CA 92508 PO Box 5286 Riverside, CA 92517-5286 Telephone: 951. Oct 1, 2021 · Abstract. - Tap 4: water runs out from the tap with a good pressure. Stability a. ” In day to day life one cannot live without water. ere as revised draft recommends cover of 40 mm or dia of barwhichever is. 7. nsion and bending momentOne meter width of the wall is considered and the thickness of the wall is estima. Circular Post Tensioned potable water reservoir. Kindly note the steel provided for soil pressure is the main reinforcement in vertical di Average consumption of 35lpcd per person was taken for domestic purpose. (a) What is the water pressure on the bottom of the tank? (b) What is the average force on the bottom? a) P = ρ. 1 Design a rectangular RC water tank resting on ground Example 1 Design a rectangular RC water tank resting on ground with an open top for a capacity of 80000litres. 25 m 7 Size of Tank 10x5x4. From the results we conclude that base shear and base moment for empty tank condition is more compare to full tank condition. 3PN poly pipe will be selected for the water piping system. For example, in the UK, reservoirs lose about 300 mm of water to evaporation during a dry summer, and clay reservoirs typically need an additional 200 mm depth for seepage losses. At present these ancient dams and remaining irrigation facilities are still being use to irrigate hectares of rice land and sugarcane crops while the Dam and Reservoir area 100-ft piers in soil. water. 5 = 122. Reservoirs above grade pose a potential risk if the reservoir breaks and water is suddenly released. The construction of the water storage tank involves different steps that are site clearance from the design area,land leveling, materials selection which included water, cement, sand and gravel. WATER TANKS. 22/ ) = 12. WTP uni ts such as intake, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, adsorption Sep 16, 2021 · A reservoir is a replacement of a segment. Water distribution system (WDS) aims to distribute water from reservoirs or aqueducts to the end-users. Seismic loads deflect structure laterally. A community water supply project proposal, for example, might try to propose a solution to an ongoing water shortage. 5. wu. sa xe qk tj oj bx aq ho fd vh
